• 1、羅布麻茶是什么茶來的有什么功效和副作用？
• 2、給她買些什么吃的好呢？
• 3、長期喝羅布麻茶對身體有害嗎？
• 4、人參三七等中藥材重金屬超標對人體有哪些危害？
• 5、能推薦幾款清理血液垃圾的藥茶嗎？
• 6、羅布麻的功效與副作用？
• 7、血壓高喝山楂水有用嗎？

俗(su)稱(cheng)“野茶”又稱(cheng)“夾竹桃麻”“茶花(hua)麻”，“茶裸(luo)子”，功(gong)效有(you)以下幾(ji)點：1、保肝、護肝；2、降血(xue)脂降血(xue)壓；3、強(qiang)心(xin)利(li)尿輔(fu)助(zhu)降血(xue)；4、潤(run)腸通便(bian)，促消(xiao)化抗便(bian)秘；5、安神促進睡眠；6、調節(jie)心(xin)腦血(xue)管功(gong)能(neng)；7、延緩衰老、美容(rong)養顏。副(fu)作(zuo)用(yong)有(you)以下幾(ji)點：1、消(xiao)化道不良(liang)(liang)反應，一些嚴重的情況能(neng)夠導致嘔吐、腹(fu)瀉、胃(wei)痛(tong)，還能(neng)引起(qi)食欲(yu)不振，口(kou)干、口(kou)苦(ku)等癥狀。2、對心(xin)臟(zang)的不良(liang)(liang)影(ying)響(xiang)。

1、羅布麻茶是什么茶來的有什么功效和副作用？

俗稱(cheng)“野(ye)茶(cha)”又稱(cheng)“夾竹桃麻(ma)”“茶(cha)花(hua)麻(ma)”，“茶(cha)裸子”，功效有以下(xia)幾(ji)(ji)點：1、保肝、護肝；2、降血脂降血壓；3、強心(xin)利尿輔助降血；4、潤腸通便(bian)，促消化(hua)抗便(bian)秘；5、安神促進睡眠；6、調節心(xin)腦血管功能(neng)；7、延緩衰老、美容養(yang)顏。副作用(yong)有以下(xia)幾(ji)(ji)點：1、消化(hua)道(dao)不良反應(ying)，一些(xie)嚴重的情況能(neng)夠導致嘔吐、腹瀉(xie)、胃(wei)痛(tong)，還能(neng)引起食(shi)欲(yu)不振，口(kou)干、口(kou)苦等癥狀。2、對心(xin)臟(zang)的不良影(ying)響。

2、給她買些什么吃的好呢？

謝謝邀請。

對于高血壓(ya)，有不少飲食方案和天然補充劑(ji)被證明是有效的，當(dang)然，還有體育運動。

有助于降低高血壓的飲食方案

當飲食中(zhong)含(han)有(you)較(jiao)少(shao)的(de)飽和脂(zhi)肪以及鹽分(fen)，而富含(han)水果、蔬菜、全麥谷(gu)物、粗糧、豆類時(shi)，能較(jiao)為(wei)顯著的(de)降(jiang)低血壓。具體(ti)來說，就是每一(yi)(yi)餐(can)，蔬菜要占到總(zong)分(fen)量的(de)一(yi)(yi)半(ban)，余(yu)下1/4為(wei)主食，主食中(zhong)至少(shao)有(you)一(yi)(yi)半(ban)是粗糧；最后1/4為(wei)優(you)質(zhi)蛋(dan)白——去皮雞肉(rou)和魚類，紅肉(rou)的(de)話 選精(jing)瘦(shou)肉(rou)。然后再(zai)(zai)搭(da)配(pei)一(yi)(yi)份(fen)約拳(quan)頭大的(de)水果即可(ke)。早餐(can)可(ke)再(zai)(zai)加一(yi)(yi)杯(bei)高(gao)鈣(gai)牛(niu)奶，鈣(gai)有(you)助于(yu)平(ping)穩(wen)血壓。

有助于調節血壓的膳食補充劑

1、歐米(mi)伽(jia)-3脂肪酸(suan)或魚油

已有大量研究證實魚油(you)有助于調節血脂(zhi)和(he)(he)血壓，尤其是未經(jing) 的(de)(de)(de)高血壓及老年(nian)高血脂(zhi)患者的(de)(de)(de)血壓。2016年(nian)，美國心(xin)臟協會舉辦的(de)(de)(de)年(nian)度科學會議報告指出，“較高的(de)(de)(de)歐(ou)米(mi)伽-3脂(zhi)肪酸(suan)(suan)指數與年(nian)輕(qing)健康個體顯著降低的(de)(de)(de)收縮壓和(he)(he)舒(shu)張(zhang)壓水平相(xiang)關。富(fu)含歐(ou)米(mi)伽-3脂(zhi)肪酸(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)飲食（以及補(bu)充劑）可能是高血壓的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)級 策(ce)略(lve)。”

歐米伽-3脂肪酸的良好來源包括(kuo)冷(leng)水高脂海魚(yu)(yu)、魚(yu)(yu)油、海藻油、亞麻籽油等。

2、鈣

無論是(shi)(shi)食用(yong)高鈣食物，還(huan)是(shi)(shi)服用(yong)鈣質補充劑，均可觀察到顯(xian)著的(de)降血(xue)壓效果。有臨床(chuang)研(yan)究發現(xian)，高血(xue)壓患(huan)者每天服用(yong)1000毫克鈣，同時進行血(xue)壓監(jian)測，療程為期12周，結果顯(xian)示，這個(ge) 方案的(de)效果是(shi)(shi)令人滿意的(de)。

3、輔酶Q10

輕度高(gao)血壓(ya)患者(zhe)服(fu)用輔(fu)酶Q10后(hou)，高(gao)血壓(ya)得到了顯(xian)著的(de)下降并且沒有明顯(xian)副作用。此外，輔(fu)酶Q10的(de)降血壓(ya)機制似乎和主要的(de)抗高(gao)血壓(ya)藥物不一樣。

體育運動幫助降血壓

有確鑿(zao)的(de)證據顯(xian)(xian)示：處(chu)于任何年齡階段的(de)男性和(he)女性，當(dang)體育活動比較多時，發展為(wei)高(gao)血(xue)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)風險會減少。多個研(yan)究結(jie)果表(biao)明，運(yun)動能起(qi)到和(he)某些藥(yao)物一(yi)樣的(de)降血(xue)壓(ya)(ya)作(zuo)用。每周有三(san)到四天運(yun)動（散步、慢跑、騎自行車或者幾種混合(he)），每天運(yun)動30到60分鐘(zhong)，可(ke)以幫助輕(qing)、中度高(gao)血(xue)壓(ya)(ya)患者顯(xian)(xian)著(zhu)地降低血(xue)壓(ya)(ya)。

所(suo)以(yi)，還可(ke)以(yi)買(mai)個計步器(qi)或運動腕表給老媽(ma)，可(ke)以(yi)從每天(tian)5000步開始，然后逐漸增加到10000步或更多。

3、長期喝羅布麻茶對身體有害嗎？

（親(qin)請點擊右上(shang)方關注我(wo)謝(xie)謝(xie)！）

1.名稱由來:

羅(luo)布麻茶(cha)又名野麻、野茶(cha)、茶(cha)葉花(hua)(hua)、紅花(hua)(hua)草、紅柳子、澤漆麻、茶(cha)葉棵子、“野茶(cha)”又稱“夾(jia)竹桃(tao)麻”“茶(cha)花(hua)(hua)麻”，“茶(cha)裸子”。巴音(yin)郭楞的(de)羅(luo)布麻茶(cha)因(yin)多生長(chang)在羅(luo)布泊，羅(luo)布莊地區(qu)而得名。

2.羅布(bu)麻對環(huan)境(jing)要(yao)求不嚴：大(da)量成片地(di)(di)分布(bu)于(yu)鹽堿、沙荒地(di)(di)區，耐(nai)寒(han)耐(nai)旱，耐(nai)堿耐(nai)風(feng)，適于(yu)多種氣候和土質(zhi)，因(yin)此在嚴苛的地(di)(di)理環(huan)境(jing)和氣候條(tiao)件下頑(wan)強生長，具(ju)有著卓越的營養保(bao)健功效。

3.分清(qing)食用和藥用的不同:

（藥用）

（飲用）

用(yong)羅(luo)(luo)布(bu)麻(ma)葉(xie)泡出的(de)羅(luo)(luo)布(bu)麻(ma)茶(cha)(cha)神經系(xi)統和腎臟。羅(luo)(luo)布(bu)麻(ma)茶(cha)(cha)有(you)藥(yao)用(yong)和食用(yong)兩種，食用(yong)的(de)羅(luo)(luo)布(bu)麻(ma)茶(cha)(cha)是沒(mei)有(you)毒(du)副(fu)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)的(de)，但是藥(yao)用(yong)的(de)羅(luo)(luo)布(bu)麻(ma)茶(cha)(cha)不可避免地會有(you)一些(xie)副(fu)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)，高血壓患者要對藥(yao)用(yong)羅(luo)(luo)布(bu)麻(ma)茶(cha)(cha)的(de)副(fu)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)有(you)所(suo)警(jing)惕(ti)，使用(yong)的(de)時(shi)候清楚的(de)咨詢醫(yi)生用(yong)法用(yong)量(liang)。

4.飲用建議:

飲用布麻茶時 是煎熬(ao)，煮約10-15分鐘即(ji)可(ke)，其藥(yao)用效果 。

5.友情提醒:

羅(luo)布(bu)(bu)麻茶按照中醫中藥的配(pei)伍來合理的使用羅(luo)布(bu)(bu)麻是十分恰當(dang)(dang)的。但絕不(bu)能把它當(dang)(dang)作(zuo)保(bao)健(jian)食品甚至是普通(tong)的茶葉(xie)來經常泡(pao)水飲用的。

6.危害:

它對(dui)人體的(de)(de)傷害主要表現在對(dui)肝臟(zang)和(he)腎(shen)臟(zang)的(de)(de)損害，這(zhe)(zhe)和(he)長期使(shi)用(yong)抗生素注射(she)對(dui)肝腎(shen)的(de)(de)損害是(shi)(shi)如(ru)(ru)出一轍(che)的(de)(de)。而(er)且，這(zhe)(zhe)種損害是(shi)(shi)不(bu)可逆的(de)(de)。特別是(shi)(shi)腎(shen)臟(zang)，如(ru)(ru)果(guo)長期把羅(luo)布(bu)麻(ma)當作(zuo)普(pu)通茶(cha)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)來泡水(shui)飲(yin)用(yong)就(jiu)會(hui)導致腎(shen)衰竭，尿毒(du)癥。羅(luo)布(bu)麻(ma)茶(cha)是(shi)(shi)將羅(luo)布(bu)麻(ma)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)經過(guo)專業的(de)(de)制(zhi)茶(cha)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)加(jia)工(gong)炒制(zhi)成(cheng)的(de)(de)植物代用(yong)茶(cha)，因此(ci)也就(jiu)說明(ming)羅(luo)布(bu)麻(ma)茶(cha)是(shi)(shi)需要加(jia)工(gong)過(guo)程的(de)(de)，而(er)并非中醫里沒有經過(guo)制(zhi)茶(cha)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)加(jia)工(gong)羅(luo)布(bu)麻(ma)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)子(zi)（羅(luo)布(bu)麻(ma)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)子(zi)作(zuo)為中醫配(pei)伍入藥(yao)的(de)(de)藥(yao)材(cai)是(shi)(shi)一定副(fu)作(zuo)用(yong)的(de)(de)，不(bu)可以長期飲(yin)用(yong)），經過(guo)制(zhi)茶(cha)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)加(jia)工(gong)而(er)成(cheng)的(de)(de)羅(luo)布(bu)麻(ma)茶(cha)是(shi)(shi)沒有毒(du)副(fu)作(zuo)用(yong)的(de)(de)。

4、人參三七等中藥材重金屬超標對人體有哪些危害？

中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)作為中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華民族傳統(tong)文(wen)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)瑰(gui)寶，是(shi)(shi)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)少數(shu)具有(you)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)競爭優勢(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)之一(yi)。據(ju)第(di)3次全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資(zi)源普查統(tong)計顯示，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資(zi)源種(zhong)(zhong)類有(you)12 807種(zhong)(zhong)，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用植物(wu)11 146種(zhong)(zhong)，藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用動物(wu)1 581種(zhong)(zhong)，藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用礦物(wu)80種(zhong)(zhong)[1]。雖(sui)然我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資(zi)源儲(chu)量豐富，品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)齊全(quan)，在(zai)(zai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)市場上(shang)占有(you)一(yi)定份額，但(dan)同(tong)(tong)時(shi)面臨很多(duo)困難(nan)。近幾年根據(ju)《海關》雜志(zhi)發布的(de)(de)(de)(de)2009—2010年度《制造(zao)實(shi)力(li)榜—行業(ye)(ye)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)競爭力(li)指數(shu)》顯示，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)出口僅占醫藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)出口的(de)(de)(de)(de)2%左右(you)，從側面反映了(le)(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)競爭力(li)并不(bu)高[2]，這與(yu)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)大國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地位極不(bu)相稱。究其原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)(yin)，除了(le)(le)與(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)外部因(yin)(yin)(yin)素有(you)關外，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)自身的(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量安全(quan)問題(ti)(ti)也是(shi)(shi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)(yin)之一(yi)。尤(you)其是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金屬(shu)(shu)問題(ti)(ti)，已經嚴重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)制約了(le)(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)進入國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)市場。近年來，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金屬(shu)(shu)超(chao)(chao)標(biao)事件時(shi)有(you)報道，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)質(zhi)量問題(ti)(ti)備受關注(zhu)。2013年5月初，就在(zai)(zai)同(tong)(tong)仁堂國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)上(shang)市當天，同(tong)(tong)仁堂集團旗下產(chan)(chan)品(pin)“健體五(wu)補丸”被檢測出汞含量超(chao)(chao)標(biao)，遭衛生署發布公告(gao)召回。還有(you)曾在(zai)(zai)德國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)風(feng)靡一(yi)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“普洱減肥茶”現已 退出了(le)(le)德國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)市場，原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)(yin)也是(shi)(shi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金屬(shu)(shu)和農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)殘(can)留超(chao)(chao)標(biao)問題(ti)(ti)[3]。這嚴重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)影響(xiang)了(le)(le)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)大國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)聲譽(yu)，致(zhi)使很多(duo) 都(dou)特(te)別關注(zhu)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金屬(shu)(shu)問題(ti)(ti)，有(you)些(xie) 甚至明令禁止我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)某些(xie)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)進入該(gai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。所(suo)以，重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金屬(shu)(shu)問題(ti)(ti)已成為影響(xiang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)出口和阻礙我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)走向(xiang)世界的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)問題(ti)(ti)，因(yin)(yin)(yin)此準(zhun)確檢測和限定重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金屬(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)量是(shi)(shi)保障用藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)安全(quan)，促(cu)進中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)走向(xiang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵[4-6]。

近(jin)些年(nian)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)問題已經日益引起廣大學者的(de)注(zhu)意(yi)，越來(lai)越多的(de)科(ke)研人員開始對中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥材(cai)(cai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)進行(xing)檢測。但(dan)是(shi)，多數研究都是(shi)對某(mou)幾種或某(mou)幾類(lei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥材(cai)(cai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)測定結(jie)(jie)果進行(xing)簡單分析，而(er)對于(yu)全國(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥材(cai)(cai)重金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)總體的(de)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)水平，包括不(bu)同產地(di)、不(bu)同類(lei)別中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥材(cai)(cai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)的(de)具體情(qing)況(kuang)等并未(wei)進行(xing)系(xi)統的(de)總結(jie)(jie)與(yu)(yu)分析。僅韓小麗(li)等[7]對2008年(nian)以前的(de)文獻進行(xing)過總結(jie)(jie)，系(xi)統全面(mian)地(di)報道了(le)我(wo)國(guo)2008年(nian)之前中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥材(cai)(cai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)的(de)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)情(qing)況(kuang)。但(dan)近(jin)年(nian)來(lai)我(wo)國(guo)不(bu)同產地(di)、不(bu)同類(lei)別中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥材(cai)(cai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)情(qing)況(kuang)如何，污(wu)(wu)染(ran)狀(zhuang)況(kuang)是(shi)否有改觀，需要進行(xing)統計(ji)與(yu)(yu)分析。據(ju)此，筆者對近(jin)5年(nian)的(de)文獻進行(xing)總結(jie)(jie)，統計(ji)近(jin)5年(nian)我(wo)國(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥材(cai)(cai)重金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)的(de)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)情(qing)況(kuang)，為中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥材(cai)(cai)的(de)監督(du)管理以及研究提供參考(kao)。

1 重(zhong)金屬的限(xian)量標準(zhun)

1.1 國外(wai)有關中(zhong)藥(yao)中(zhong)重金屬限量標準

隨著中藥在全球的興起(qi)，越來越多的 開(kai)(kai)始(shi)重視中藥的質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)控制問題(ti)。20世紀(ji)90年代，國際上使用中藥的 和地區，開(kai)(kai)始(shi)關注出口到(dao)本(ben)國（地區）中藥中重金(jin)屬限(xian)量(liang)(liang)問題(ti)[8]，對重金(jin)屬含(han)量(liang)(liang)也都制定了明確的限(xian)定標準，見表(biao)1[9]。

1.2 我(wo)國有關(guan)中藥(yao)中重金屬(shu)限量標準

《藥典》2010年版一部(bu)中(zhong)采用原子吸(xi)收或(huo)電感耦(ou)合等離子體質譜(pu)法測定重金屬(shu)和有害元素的方(fang)法對甘(gan)草、丹(dan)參、黃芪、金銀花、西洋參、白芍、

阿膠及枸杞子8種藥材中的(de)重金(jin)屬(shu)量(liang)進(jin)行測定，規(gui)(gui)定上述藥材中重金(jin)屬(shu)Pb≤5.0mg/kg、Cd≤0.3 mg/kg、Hg≤0.2 mg/kg、As≤2.0mg/kg、Cu≤20.0 mg/kg。這與《藥用(yong)植(zhi)物及制劑(ji)進(jin)出口綠色行業標準》中所規(gui)(gui)定的(de)綠色藥用(yong)植(zhi)物及制劑(ji)的(de)重金(jin)屬(shu)及砷鹽的(de)限量(liang)指標相一致。

2 數據與分析

筆者在(zai)多個數據(ju)庫(ku)，分(fen)別(bie)輸入不同關鍵(jian)詞共檢(jian)索出314篇(pian)關于中藥(yao)材重(zhong)金屬污(wu)染的(de)中英文文獻，根據(ju)要統計(ji)內容(rong)篩選出其中178篇(pian)文獻進行統計(ji)分(fen)析。對文獻中30個不同產地，259種(zhong)中藥(yao)材中Pb、Cd、Hg、As、Cu的(de)定量數據(ju)進行整理。計(ji)算(suan)中藥(yao)材污(wu)染率。

3 統計結果

3.1 我國中藥材重金屬總體污染水(shui)平

我(wo)國中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)中(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)存在不(bu)同程度(du)的污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)，本(ben)文以(yi)(yi)《藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用植(zhi)物(wu)及制劑進出(chu)口綠色行(xing)業標(biao)準》中(zhong)(zhong)的規(gui)定為依據(ju)，統計我(wo)國中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)中(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)情(qing)況(kuang)，得出(chu)Pb、Cd、Hg、As、Cu的超(chao)(chao)標(biao)率(lv)(lv)分(fen)(fen)別(bie)為9.66%、26.35%、13.0%、9.32%、16.09%。這與(yu)韓(han)小麗(li)等[7]在2008年統計的結果相比較大(da)體相同。Cd和Cu仍(reng)是(shi)這5種重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)超(chao)(chao)標(biao)最為嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)的2種金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)，但超(chao)(chao)標(biao)率(lv)(lv)都略(lve)有(you)下降。Pb的超(chao)(chao)標(biao)率(lv)(lv)由(you)(you)(you)原(yuan)來的12.0%下降到(dao)9.66%，而(er)(er)As和Hg的超(chao)(chao)標(biao)率(lv)(lv)與(yu)之前相比分(fen)(fen)別(bie)上升了0.38%和6.1%（圖(tu)1）。由(you)(you)(you)圖(tu)1可(ke)(ke)知(zhi)，Pb、Cd、As的變(bian)化(hua)幅(fu)度(du)不(bu)大(da)，Cu的污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)率(lv)(lv)與(yu)2008年相比呈下降趨(qu)勢(shi)，而(er)(er)Hg的污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)率(lv)(lv)增長(chang)幅(fu)度(du)卻(que)較大(da)，這可(ke)(ke)能與(yu)近(jin)幾(ji)年化(hua)石燃料的大(da)量燃燒(shao)以(yi)(yi)及含汞(gong)廢物(wu)處(chu)理不(bu)當有(you)著(zhu)(zhu)密切關系[10]。由(you)(you)(you)圖(tu)1中(zhong)(zhong)數據(ju)可(ke)(ke)知(zhi)我(wo)國中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)中(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)形勢(shi)仍(reng)然很嚴(yan)峻。近(jin)5年，中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)中(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)總體污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)水平與(yu)2008年之前相比并未得到(dao)太大(da)改善(shan)，污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)率(lv)(lv)仍(reng)然很高(gao)，尤其是(shi)Hg的污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)率(lv)(lv)上升幅(fu)度(du)較大(da)，近(jin)期(qi)又有(you)“汞(gong)超(chao)(chao)標(biao)”事件接連(lian)爆出(chu)，可(ke)(ke)見重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)已經(jing)對人們的用藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)安全產(chan)生了一定的威脅。我(wo)國中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)是(shi)一個長(chang)期(qi)而(er)(er)復雜的問(wen)題，與(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)產(chan)地(di)、品種、入(ru)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)部(bu)位、生長(chang)環境(jing)等諸多因素有(you)著(zhu)(zhu)密切的關系，因此必須(xu)綜合考慮(lv)，謹(jin)慎對待。

3.2 我國中藥材產地重金(jin)屬(shu)的(de)污染情況(kuang)

筆(bi)者對近(jin)5年所報道的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)量(liang)(liang)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)進行整(zheng)理，并以《藥(yao)(yao)(yao)用植物及制劑(ji)進出口(kou)綠色行業標(biao)(biao)準》（WM2-2001）為(wei)依據(ju)，判斷各(ge)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)同重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)超(chao)標(biao)(biao)情況(kuang)。以省、自(zi)治區(qu)、直轄(xia)市(shi)為(wei)考(kao)察單位，共(gong)統(tong)計(ji)了全(quan)國30個(ge)(ge)省、自(zi)治區(qu)、直轄(xia)市(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)5種(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)污染情況(kuang)。所統(tong)計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，黑龍江和海(hai)(hai)南(nan)兩(liang)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)沒有(you)發(fa)現超(chao)標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)，這可(ke)能(neng)因為(wei)兩(liang)地(di)(di)檢測(ce)重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)樣本數(shu)(shu)量(liang)(liang)有(you)限(xian)，并不(bu)能(neng)以此判斷這2個(ge)(ge)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)不(bu)存(cun)在重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)污染，具體污染情況(kuang)還需要進一(yi)步研究驗證。其(qi)(qi)余產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)都存(cun)在重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)超(chao)標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)。貴州、四川、山(shan)東(dong)3個(ge)(ge)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)存(cun)在5種(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)超(chao)標(biao)(biao)現象。4種(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)超(chao)標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)安(an)徽、廣(guang)(guang)東(dong)、重(zhong)(zhong)慶等產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)，其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)Pb、Cd、Hg、Cu超(chao)標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)有(you)安(an)徽、江蘇(su)、廣(guang)(guang)西、陜西、吉林；Pb、Cd、As、Cu超(chao)標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)有(you)云南(nan)、廣(guang)(guang)東(dong)、重(zhong)(zhong)慶。3種(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)超(chao)標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)有(you)內蒙古、青海(hai)(hai)、寧夏、河南(nan)、江西。2種(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)超(chao)標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)有(you)浙江、河北(bei)、新疆、湖南(nan)。而甘肅、湖北(bei)、天津、北(bei)京(jing)、西藏、遼寧這幾個(ge)(ge)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)都只(zhi)有(you)1種(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)超(chao)標(biao)(biao)。由(you)于所統(tong)計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)樣本數(shu)(shu)不(bu)一(yi)，所以統(tong)計(ji)結果并不(bu)能(neng)用于評價各(ge)地(di)(di)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)質量(liang)(liang)優劣，只(zhi)能(neng)作(zuo)為(wei)對各(ge)省藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)污染情況(kuang)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)初(chu)步分析。各(ge)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)污染情況(kuang)還有(you)待進一(yi)步研究。

3.3 不同產地中藥材(cai)中重金屬污染情(qing)況

3.3.1 不(bu)同產(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)Pb的(de)(de)污染情況 通過對(dui)30個(ge)(ge)不(bu)同產(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)Pb量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)統計得知，貴州(zhou)、四川(chuan)(chuan)、安徽等(deng)20個(ge)(ge)產(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)存(cun)在(zai)Pb超(chao)標(biao)現象，其他10個(ge)(ge)產(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)Pb并未見(jian)超(chao)標(biao)，見(jian)表2。其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)四川(chuan)(chuan)和(he)山西所產(chan)(chan)(chan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)Pb的(de)(de)超(chao)標(biao)率都比較高(gao)，分(fen)別為27.730%和(he)27.270%，統計顯(xian)示，Pb量(liang)(liang)最高(gao)的(de)(de)是(shi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)自貴州(zhou)的(de)(de)黑骨藤藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)，其量(liang)(liang)為31.37 mg/kg，超(chao)出《藥(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)植物及(ji)制劑進(jin)出口綠色行業標(biao)準(zhun)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)Pb限量(liang)(liang)標(biao)準(zhun)的(de)(de)6倍(bei)[11]。此(ci)外，張(zhang)衛佳等(deng)[12] 通過對(dui)川(chuan)(chuan)貝、川(chuan)(chuan)芎、甘(gan)草等(deng)10種(zhong)川(chuan)(chuan)產(chan)(chan)(chan)道地(di)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)金屬的(de)(de)檢測(ce)(ce)發現，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)9種(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)的(de)(de)Pb量(liang)(liang)超(chao)標(biao)，僅川(chuan)(chuan)芎相(xiang)對(dui)合格，為4.60 mg/kg，麥冬等(deng)6種(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)Pb量(liang)(liang)達到了(le)(le)20 mg/kg以上，遠(yuan)遠(yuan)超(chao)過了(le)(le)5.0 mg/kg的(de)(de)標(biao)準(zhun)。楊春等(deng)[13]對(dui)黔東(dong)南州(zhou)9種(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)金屬量(liang)(liang)進(jin)行測(ce)(ce)定(ding)，結果顯(xian)示Pb量(liang)(liang)在(zai)0.09～28.60mg/kg，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鉤藤和(he)杜仲(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)Pb超(chao)標(biao)嚴重(zhong)，平均量(liang)(liang)分(fen)別為20.20、24.70 mg/kg。上述數據表明，雖(sui)然我(wo)國不(bu)同產(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)Pb的(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)測(ce)(ce)定(ding)結果不(bu)同，但(dan)其超(chao)標(biao)情況普遍(bian)存(cun)在(zai)，這(zhe)可能與各地(di)區生態環境(jing)有(you)著密切聯系，應引(yin)起相(xiang)關(guan)部門足夠的(de)(de)重(zhong)視。

3.3.2 不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)地中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)材(cai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)Cd的(de)(de)(de)污染(ran)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang) 統計(ji)結(jie)(jie)果顯示(shi)，我國(guo)(guo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)地的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)材(cai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)Cd的(de)(de)(de)污染(ran)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)。30個產(chan)(chan)(chan)地中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)22個地區所(suo)產(chan)(chan)(chan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)材(cai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)存在Cd超標(biao)(biao)現(xian)(xian)象，超標(biao)(biao)率在0.320%～83.720%，見表2。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)統計(ji)數(shu)據中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)Cd量(liang)(liang)較高的(de)(de)(de)是產(chan)(chan)(chan)自廣西省龍州縣和(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)秀縣的(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)(liang)面針(zhen)，測(ce)得(de)量(liang)(liang)分(fen)別(bie)為14.69、5.39 mg/kg[14]，是限量(liang)(liang)值的(de)(de)(de)49倍和(he)(he)18倍，其(qi)原因(yin)(yin)可(ke)能(neng)是兩(liang)(liang)面針(zhen)生(sheng)長(chang)環境受到(dao)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬Cd的(de)(de)(de)污染(ran)，也(ye)有(you)(you)可(ke)能(neng)是兩(liang)(liang)面針(zhen)自身對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)Cd有(you)(you)富(fu)集作用，具(ju)體原因(yin)(yin)有(you)(you)待研究(jiu)(jiu)探討(tao)。劉峰(feng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)[15]對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)21批黔產(chan)(chan)(chan)艾(ai)納(na)香樣品中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬吸(xi)收富(fu)集特征進行(xing)研究(jiu)(jiu)，結(jie)(jie)果其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)17批艾(ai)納(na)香樣品中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)Cd超標(biao)(biao)，艾(ai)納(na)香對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)Cd的(de)(de)(de)富(fu)集系數(shu)全部大于2，說明(ming)艾(ai)納(na)香對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)該(gai)種重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬元素具(ju)有(you)(you)一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)富(fu)集能(neng)力(li)。薛朝金(jin)(jin)等(deng)(deng)(deng)[16]對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)半(ban)夏與土壤(rang)(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬量(liang)(liang)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)性進行(xing)研究(jiu)(jiu)，結(jie)(jie)果表明(ming)半(ban)夏與土壤(rang)(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)Pb、As、Hg、Cu量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)性較差，甚至不(bu)(bu)(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)，而對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)土壤(rang)(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)Cd卻具(ju)有(you)(you)明(ming)顯富(fu)集作用，因(yin)(yin)此(ci)選擇半(ban)夏種植土壤(rang)(rang)時應(ying)嚴控(kong)Cd量(liang)(liang)。此(ci)外(wai)，孟萌等(deng)(deng)(deng)[17]和(he)(he)許璟瑛(ying)等(deng)(deng)(deng)[18]分(fen)別(bie)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)地丹參藥(yao)材(cai)和(he)(he)青海栽培山茛菪藥(yao)材(cai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬進行(xing)測(ce)定(ding)，結(jie)(jie)果顯示(shi)Cd的(de)(de)(de)超標(biao)(biao)率為100%。由(you)此(ci)可(ke)見，我國(guo)(guo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)地中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)材(cai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)普遍(bian)存在Cd超標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)象，故應(ying)加強對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)材(cai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬Cd的(de)(de)(de)監測(ce)力(li)度并采取相(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)措施，從源頭防(fang)止中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)材(cai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)Cd污染(ran)。

3.3.3 不(bu)(bu)同(tong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)地中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)Hg的(de)污染情況 根據(ju)(ju)(ju)統計數據(ju)(ju)(ju)可(ke)知，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)Hg的(de)超(chao)標(biao)(biao)率因產(chan)(chan)(chan)地不(bu)(bu)同(tong)而不(bu)(bu)同(tong)。30個(ge)產(chan)(chan)(chan)地中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)18個(ge)產(chan)(chan)(chan)地的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)存在Hg超(chao)標(biao)(biao)的(de)現(xian)象，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)天(tian)津(jin)所(suo)產(chan)(chan)(chan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)Hg的(de)超(chao)標(biao)(biao)率最(zui)高(gao)為(wei)(wei)100%，其(qi)次是(shi)青海省為(wei)(wei)94.740%，數據(ju)(ju)(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)地為(wei)(wei)天(tian)津(jin)的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)樣(yang)本(ben)數只有1個(ge)，所(suo)以此數據(ju)(ju)(ju)并不(bu)(bu)能作為(wei)(wei)評(ping)價天(tian)津(jin)所(suo)有中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)質量優(you)劣的(de)依據(ju)(ju)(ju)，只能作為(wei)(wei)一個(ge)初步分析數據(ju)(ju)(ju)，其(qi)污染具體情況還需(xu)要進一步統計分析，而其(qi)他產(chan)(chan)(chan)地超(chao)標(biao)(biao)情況見表2。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)30個(ge)產(chan)(chan)(chan)地823個(ge)含Hg樣(yang)本(ben)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，產(chan)(chan)(chan)自貴州省黔南地區(qu)的(de)馬桑、桑寄生、蜈蚣草、紅(hong)蓼(liao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)Hg的(de)量都比較高(gao)，分別為(wei)(wei)3.981、4.081、3.835、3.942 μg/g[19]，以下依次是(shi)貴州的(de)黑骨藤（2.121 μg/g）[13]、山東的(de)羅布麻葉（2.25 μg/g）[20]，其(qi)余(yu)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)Hg量均在2.0 μg/g以下。此外，許璟(jing)瑛等[21]采集2～7年(nian)生人工種(zhong)植山莨菪進行研究，測定其(qi)重(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)量，結果6批樣(yang)品中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)Hg全部超(chao)標(biao)(biao)，其(qi)最(zui)大值(zhi)為(wei)(wei)1.555 mg/kg，超(chao)出規(gui)定值(zhi)0.2 mg/kg的(de)7倍多。另外，結果還顯(xian)示(shi)，各(ge)種(zhong)重(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)的(de)量隨著(zhu)年(nian)份(fen)和生物量的(de)增加而有所(suo)積累。因此，根據(ju)(ju)(ju)年(nian)份(fen)積累規(gui)律，對中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)Hg提出科學(xue)合理的(de)控(kong)制標(biao)(biao)準尤為(wei)(wei)重(zhong)要。

3.3.4 不(bu)(bu)同產(chan)地(di)(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥材中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)As的(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)染(ran)情況(kuang) 數據顯示，青海(hai)、山東、廣(guang)東、四(si)川、貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)、云(yun)南、福建、甘肅(su)、重慶9個(ge)產(chan)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥材中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)存在As污(wu)染(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)，見表2。由(you)表2可知，青海(hai)省(sheng)所產(chan)藥材中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)As的(de)(de)(de)(de)超(chao)(chao)標(biao)(biao)率最(zui)高，統計的(de)(de)(de)(de)38個(ge)樣(yang)本中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，36個(ge)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥材中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)As量(liang)(liang)超(chao)(chao)標(biao)(biao)。其(qi)余產(chan)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)As超(chao)(chao)標(biao)(biao)率都不(bu)(bu)超(chao)(chao)過10%。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)黔南地(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)蜈(wu)蚣草(cao)(cao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)As的(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)最(zui)高為25.34 μg/g，超(chao)(chao)過限量(liang)(liang)標(biao)(biao)準13倍，這是(shi)由(you)于蜈(wu)蚣草(cao)(cao)對As的(de)(de)(de)(de)富(fu)集比(bi)較強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原因[19]。此(ci)(ci)外(wai)，許璟瑛等分(fen)(fen)別(bie)對青海(hai)省(sheng)栽培山茛菪(dang)(dang)根[18]和(he)種植山茛菪(dang)(dang)根[21]中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重金(jin)屬進(jin)行分(fen)(fen)析，結果顯示山茛菪(dang)(dang)根中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重金(jin)屬As全部超(chao)(chao)標(biao)(biao)。不(bu)(bu)同產(chan)地(di)(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥材中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)As的(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)染(ran)水(shui)平(ping)不(bu)(bu)同，這可能與(yu)當(dang)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)環境因子，包括大氣、水(shui)、土(tu)壤(rang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)質背景有著(zhu)密切(qie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)聯系(xi)[22]。隨著(zhu)工業化(hua)生(sheng)產(chan)、煤的(de)(de)(de)(de)燃燒以及含As農藥的(de)(de)(de)(de)大量(liang)(liang)使用等，As在土(tu)壤(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)累積，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥材吸(xi)收(shou)其(qi)生(sheng)長土(tu)壤(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)As，量(liang)(liang)不(bu)(bu)斷增加甚至超(chao)(chao)標(biao)(biao)，這可能是(shi)As元素量(liang)(liang)超(chao)(chao)標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原因之一(yi)。因此(ci)(ci)，控(kong)制中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥材中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)As的(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)必須從中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥材生(sheng)長環境著(zhu)手。

3.3.5 不同產地中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)材中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)Cu的(de)(de)(de)(de)污染(ran)情況(kuang) 統計的(de)(de)(de)(de)30個(ge)產地中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)17個(ge)產地中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)材中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)存在(zai)Cu超(chao)標問(wen)題，其他產地所檢測的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)材中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)并未見(jian)(jian)Cu超(chao)標現象，這可(ke)能與各地樣本數量(liang)不一(yi)致(zhi)有關(guan)，具體原(yuan)因有待進一(yi)步考察，見(jian)(jian)表2。其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)廣東省(sheng)茂名市(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)水茄根中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)含(han)Cu量(liang)高達97.183 mg/kg[23]。另外，吳四維等[24]對黃連(lian)、川白芷中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重金屬的(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)進行測定，結果顯示所取樣品中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)Cu全(quan)部超(chao)標。其污染(ran)原(yuan)因可(ke)能是含(han)Cu礦產的(de)(de)(de)(de)開采、冶煉廠(chang)三廢的(de)(de)(de)(de)排放、含(han)Cu殺(sha)菌劑的(de)(de)(de)(de)長期大量(liang)使用和城市(shi)污泥的(de)(de)(de)(de)堆(dui)肥利用，使土(tu)(tu)壤含(han)Cu量(liang)達到原(yuan)始土(tu)(tu)壤的(de)(de)(de)(de)幾倍甚至幾十倍[25]，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)材吸(xi)收(shou)土(tu)(tu)壤環境中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)Cu元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)素并在(zai)體內(nei)富集，最(zui)終(zhong)導致(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)材中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)Cu元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)素超(chao)標。雖(sui)然Cu是人(ren)體必需(xu)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)素，但是其在(zai)人(ren)體內(nei)積累過(guo)多也會對人(ren)體產生傷害，因此，有必要加(jia)強對中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)材中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)Cu元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)素的(de)(de)(de)(de)檢測，為中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)質量(liang)安全(quan)性提(ti)供保(bao)障。

4 不同(tong)類別中(zhong)(zhong)藥材中(zhong)(zhong)重金屬污染(ran)情況

4.1 植物藥

植(zhi)物類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材最重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)成部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)，也是目前(qian)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)研究(jiu)最多的(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材。由于(yu)(yu)植(zhi)物藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)涉及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)產地(di)(di)、品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、用藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)部(bu)(bu)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)等各方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)因(yin)素，因(yin)此(ci)(ci)其(qi)(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)也各異[6]。在此(ci)(ci)，筆者將植(zhi)物藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)按(an)入藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)部(bu)(bu)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)劃分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)：根(gen)(gen)(gen)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)根(gen)(gen)(gen)莖(jing)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、莖(jing)木(mu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、葉(xie)(xie)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、花類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、果(guo)實類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、皮類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、地(di)(di)上部(bu)(bu)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)以及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)全草(cao)(cao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)，并根(gen)(gen)(gen)據文(wen)獻中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數據對(dui)不(bu)同入藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)部(bu)(bu)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)情況(kuang)進(jin)行總結分(fen)(fen)析。分(fen)(fen)析結果(guo)顯示，Pb的(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)為(wei)(wei)：全草(cao)(cao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)＞葉(xie)(xie)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)＞花類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)＞地(di)(di)上部(bu)(bu)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)＞皮類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)＞莖(jing)木(mu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)＞根(gen)(gen)(gen)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)根(gen)(gen)(gen)莖(jing)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)＞果(guo)實類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)＞種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)；Cd的(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)為(wei)(wei)：地(di)(di)上部(bu)(bu)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)＞全草(cao)(cao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)＞莖(jing)木(mu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)＞根(gen)(gen)(gen)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)根(gen)(gen)(gen)莖(jing)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)＞花類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)＞皮類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)＞葉(xie)(xie)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)＞果(guo)實類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)＞種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)；Hg的(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)為(wei)(wei)：葉(xie)(xie)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)＞全草(cao)(cao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)＞根(gen)(gen)(gen)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)根(gen)(gen)(gen)莖(jing)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)＞花類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)＞皮類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)＞地(di)(di)上部(bu)(bu)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)＞莖(jing)木(mu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)＞果(guo)實類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)＞種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)；As的(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)為(wei)(wei)：種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)＞根(gen)(gen)(gen)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)根(gen)(gen)(gen)莖(jing)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)＞葉(xie)(xie)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)＞花類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)＞全草(cao)(cao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)＞果(guo)實＞地(di)(di)上部(bu)(bu)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)＞莖(jing)木(mu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、皮類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)；Cu的(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)為(wei)(wei)：皮類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)＞全草(cao)(cao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)＞地(di)(di)上部(bu)(bu)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)＞根(gen)(gen)(gen)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)根(gen)(gen)(gen)莖(jing)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)＞葉(xie)(xie)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)＞花類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)＞果(guo)實類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)＞種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)、莖(jing)木(mu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)，見表(biao)3。總體來看，全草(cao)(cao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、地(di)(di)上部(bu)(bu)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)葉(xie)(xie)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)量(liang)普遍較高，可(ke)能與(yu)(yu)全草(cao)(cao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材較其(qi)(qi)他藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材更多時間(jian)暴露于(yu)(yu)空氣中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)易于(yu)(yu)被污(wu)染(ran)(ran)有(you)(you)關[26]。花類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、果(guo)實類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)綜合(he)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)較低，這可(ke)能與(yu)(yu)其(qi)(qi)生(sheng)長周(zhou)期短，重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)在其(qi)(qi)體內富(fu)集時間(jian)較短有(you)(you)關。根(gen)(gen)(gen)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)根(gen)(gen)(gen)莖(jing)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)處于(yu)(yu)居中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)置，其(qi)(qi)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)原因(yin)可(ke)能是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材生(sheng)長土壤或(huo)灌溉(gai)用水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)受重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)，根(gen)(gen)(gen)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)根(gen)(gen)(gen)莖(jing)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材通過根(gen)(gen)(gen)系從土壤中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)吸收(shou)(shou)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)而(er)導(dao)致其(qi)(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)量(liang)超標。植(zhi)物藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同入藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)部(bu)(bu)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)情況(kuang)不(bu)一，這除了與(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材與(yu)(yu)外界環境中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)接觸時間(jian)長短有(you)(you)關外，還與(yu)(yu)不(bu)同部(bu)(bu)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)對(dui)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)吸收(shou)(shou)富(fu)集能力不(bu)同有(you)(you)著密切關系。因(yin)此(ci)(ci)，有(you)(you)必(bi)要(yao)對(dui)植(zhi)物藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)不(bu)同入藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)部(bu)(bu)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)吸收(shou)(shou)富(fu)集規律(lv)(lv)進(jin)行深入探(tan)究(jiu)，根(gen)(gen)(gen)據其(qi)(qi)吸收(shou)(shou)規律(lv)(lv)采取相應的(de)(de)(de)(de) 措施，保(bao)障中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材質(zhi)量(liang)安全。

4.2 動物藥

動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)藥是指用動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)整體(ti)或(huo)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)某一(yi)部(bu)分(fen)、動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)生理或(huo)病理產物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)、動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)加(jia)工品等供藥用的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)類中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥[27]。它是傳統醫學的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)組(zu)成部(bu)分(fen)，有(you)著悠久(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)應用歷史。《藥典》2010年(nian)版共收載動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)藥51種(zhong)，占8.1%[28]。然(ran)而動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)藥由于(yu)其(qi)生長環境的(de)(de)(de)污染(ran)(ran)以(yi)及其(qi)他因素的(de)(de)(de)影響，其(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)問題也變得(de)越(yue)來越(yue)突(tu)出[29]。筆者統計(ji)了(le)近5年(nian)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)藥中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)的(de)(de)(de)檢測數據，見表(biao)4。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，施(shi)貴榮等[30]通過(guo)對(dui)云南省(sheng)6個地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)喙尾琵(pi)琶甲(jia)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)量(liang)進(jin)行檢測，結果顯示不同(tong)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)喙尾琵(pi)琶甲(jia)體(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)元(yuan)素的(de)(de)(de)量(liang)存在(zai)顯著差異，多個地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)喙尾琵(pi)琶甲(jia)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)量(liang)偏高。王(wang)枚博等[31]測定的(de)(de)(de)6批(pi)地(di)(di)(di)龍中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)As的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)大量(liang)和(he)(he)最(zui)小量(liang)分(fen)別為19.25、8.37 mg/kg，這(zhe)可能與地(di)(di)(di)龍的(de)(de)(de)生物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)富集作(zuo)用有(you)關[32]。動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)藥來源于(yu)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，而每(mei)一(yi)種(zhong)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)都有(you)其(qi)特定的(de)(de)(de)生活環境和(he)(he)生態系統，因此，不能以(yi)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)藥中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)的(de)(de)(de)限(xian)量(liang)標準(zhun)(zhun)來評(ping)價動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)藥重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)污染(ran)(ran)情況。然(ran)而，目前(qian)我國中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)限(xian)量(liang)標準(zhun)(zhun)及法(fa)規中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)只對(dui)部(bu)分(fen)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)藥重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)量(liang)進(jin)行限(xian)制(zhi)，這(zhe)給動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)藥中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)的(de)(de)(de)檢測及監管增加(jia)了(le)難度。所以(yi)，有(you)必要(yao)對(dui)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)藥中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)污染(ran)(ran)原因進(jin)行深(shen)入研(yan)究并(bing)制(zhi)定出適(shi)合于(yu)評(ping)價動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)藥中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)的(de)(de)(de)限(xian)量(liang)標準(zhun)(zhun)，為動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)藥的(de)(de)(de)安全使用提供強有(you)力的(de)(de)(de)保障。

4.3 礦物藥

礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)在(zai)我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)已(yi)經有(you)(you)(you)3 000多(duo)(duo)年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)歷(li)史，是(shi)我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)臨床(chuang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三大來源之(zhi)一(yi)，我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)現有(you)(you)(you)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)約80種(zhong)(zhong)，然而(er)(er)常用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)卻(que)只有(you)(you)(you)30余種(zhong)(zhong)，雖然常用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)品種(zhong)(zhong)并不多(duo)(duo)，但是(shi)其(qi)(qi)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)卻(que)很廣泛[33]。除(chu)單(dan)味礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)可(ke)以(yi)入藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)外，一(yi)些如(ru)朱砂安神(shen)丸、梅(mei)花(hua)點(dian)(dian)舌丹(dan)等(deng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)復方(fang)制劑中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)都含(han)(han)(han)有(you)(you)(you)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)成(cheng)分，這(zhe)些礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)成(cheng)分在(zai)其(qi)(qi)相應(ying)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)成(cheng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)效中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發揮著不可(ke)替(ti)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。然而(er)(er)，由于(yu)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)問題，致(zhi)使(shi)我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)含(han)(han)(han)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)成(cheng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)在(zai)國(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)市(shi)場上屢遭排(pai)斥(chi)，如(ru)美(mei)國(guo)(guo)禁止含(han)(han)(han)Hg、Pb等(deng)重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)成(cheng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)進口和銷售，禁用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)含(han)(han)(han)有(you)(you)(you)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)(wu)成(cheng)分的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)成(cheng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，包括安神(shen)補腦片(pian)、安宮牛(niu)黃(huang)丸、朱砂安神(shen)丸等(deng)[34]。由此(ci)(ci)可(ke)見，礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)問題已(yi)經嚴重(zhong)(zhong)阻礙我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)產業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現代化、國(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)化進程。張曉敏等(deng)[35]檢測(ce)自然銅、花(hua)蕊石(shi)、鵝管石(shi)、海(hai)浮石(shi)、銀(yin)精石(shi)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)精石(shi)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)礞石(shi)和青(qing)礞石(shi)及其(qi)(qi)煅制品中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，結果顯示，不同礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)差異顯著，對每種(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)元(yuan)素而(er)(er)言，量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)跨度非常大，最大值是(shi)最小值的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幾十倍(bei)甚至上百倍(bei)。如(ru)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)精石(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)Pb的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)最高(gao)，達(da)到(dao)了267.95mg/kg，煅鵝管石(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)Pb的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang) 為(wei)6.50 mg/kg，Cd的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)最高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)自然銅為(wei)79.15 mg/kg，金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)礞石(shi)和青(qing)礞石(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)Cd的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang) 為(wei)1.87 mg/kg。我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)成(cheng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)朱砂、雄黃(huang)等(deng)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，其(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)毒金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)元(yuan)素量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)通常在(zai)常量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)水平(ping)，研(yan)究的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)側(ce)重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)應(ying)該在(zai)于(yu)元(yuan)素的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價態(tai)(tai)與形態(tai)(tai)，在(zai)體(ti)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吸收(shou)、分布(bu)與蓄積，其(qi)(qi)生理、毒理特(te)性(xing)(xing)，臨床(chuang)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意義等(deng)方(fang)面[36]，應(ying)該與重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)殘留區分對待。因(yin)此(ci)(ci)在(zai)含(han)(han)(han)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)成(cheng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)標準中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)什(shen)么指標和方(fang)法(fa)對中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)制劑中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)進行有(you)(you)(you)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控制，其(qi)(qi)限度該如(ru)何制訂，仍是(shi)此(ci)(ci)類(lei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)研(yan)究和評價的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)難題之(zhi)一(yi)，并影響到(dao)相關中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)成(cheng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安全(quan)性(xing)(xing)和質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)控性(xing)(xing)[37]。因(yin)此(ci)(ci)，礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)問題還有(you)(you)(you)待于(yu)研(yan)究，探索科學、合理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)控指標和方(fang)法(fa)，保障臨床(chuang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安全(quan)可(ke)靠性(xing)(xing)。

5 討論和展望

隨(sui)著我國工業化進程的(de)推進，環境(jing)中重(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)污染(ran)相(xiang)對普遍(bian)，中藥(yao)材也受到較大影響。筆者對我國30個產地，259種中藥(yao)材中重(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)含量進行總結(jie)分(fen)析，并以《藥(yao)用植物及制(zhi)劑進出口綠(lv)色行業標準》為(wei)判斷依(yi)據，得(de)出我國中藥(yao)材重(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)污染(ran)情況。由統(tong)計(ji)數據可知我國中藥(yao)材中重(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)污染(ran)形(xing)勢仍然(ran)很(hen)嚴峻，對此提出以下(xia)建議。

，完善中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)GAP法規體(ti)系，擴大GAP基(ji)(ji)地(di)覆蓋(gai)面積及(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)種植(zhi)品種。我(wo)國不(bu)同產地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)重金屬污染情況不(bu)同，污染種類也不(bu)相同，這與各(ge)個產地(di)的土壤、空氣、灌(guan)溉(gai)用水以及(ji)工(gong)業發展情況有著密(mi)切(qie)的聯系。因此，在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)種植(zhi)與栽(zai)培過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)應(ying)先對其生長(chang)環境進行全面檢(jian)測，選擇生態環境良好的地(di)區作為中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)的繁育(yu)基(ji)(ji)地(di)，并申請GAP認證(zheng)，增(zeng)加我(wo)國中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)GAP基(ji)(ji)地(di)數量(liang)以及(ji)擴大GAP基(ji)(ji)地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)種植(zhi)品種，從中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)種植(zhi)栽(zai)培著手，治理中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重金屬污染，確保我(wo)國中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)質(zhi)量(liang)安全可(ke)靠(kao)。

第(di)二(er)，建立中藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)快速(su)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測方(fang)法，實(shi)(shi)現對(dui)中藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)時、實(shi)(shi)地檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測。目前(qian)，我(wo)國(guo)中藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測方(fang)法已經比較完善(shan)，但是(shi)也(ye)存在(zai)以(yi)下問題(ti)，如實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)儀器價格(ge)昂貴(gui)、不宜攜帶(dai)、需在(zai)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室條(tiao)件下操作等。另外(wai)，中藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)中重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測的(de)(de)前(qian)處理(li)方(fang)法也(ye)很復雜，這都限制了中藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)快速(su)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測，也(ye)給監(jian)管部門帶(dai)來不便。所以(yi)，要(yao)加快中藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)快速(su)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測方(fang)法的(de)(de)建立，實(shi)(shi)現對(dui)中藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)中重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)實(shi)(shi)時、實(shi)(shi)地檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測的(de)(de)目標(biao)，加強對(dui)中藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)中重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)監(jian)督管理(li)，保證臨床用藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)安全。

第三，對已污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)藥(yao)材產地(di)進(jin)行(xing)修復(fu)(fu)(fu)。近年(nian)來，由于“工業三廢(fei)”、機動車廢(fei)氣(qi)和生(sheng)活垃圾(ji)等(deng)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)排放，我國土(tu)壤普遍受到不同程度的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)金屬(shu)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染。這(zhe)是(shi)中(zhong)藥(yao)材重(zhong)金屬(shu)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要原因，故應(ying)采取(qu)相應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)措施對已污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染的(de)(de)(de)產地(di)進(jin)行(xing)修復(fu)(fu)(fu)。如物(wu)(wu)(wu)理修復(fu)(fu)(fu)、化學修復(fu)(fu)(fu)、微生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)修復(fu)(fu)(fu)以及植物(wu)(wu)(wu)修復(fu)(fu)(fu)等(deng)，或(huo)將多種修復(fu)(fu)(fu)技(ji)術綜合(he)應(ying)用，取(qu)長補短，以期達(da)到更好的(de)(de)(de)效果。

第四，完善我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)限(xian)(xian)定標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)。目(mu)前，我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)限(xian)(xian)量(liang)(liang)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)較(jiao)(jiao)少，也較(jiao)(jiao)分散，不(bu)夠系(xi)統，與(yu)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)大國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)身份很不(bu)協調，與(yu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際上(shang)對(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)要求也相差較(jiao)(jiao)遠，這嚴重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)影(ying)響了中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)生產和(he)出口(kou)。《藥(yao)(yao)(yao)典》2010年版一部收錄(lu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)及(ji)(ji)飲片共616種(zhong)，但(dan)是僅(jin)對(dui)黃(huang)芪、金(jin)銀花、西洋參(can)、白芍(shao)、甘草、丹參(can)、山楂、枸(gou)杞(qi)子、阿膠(jiao)9種(zhong)植(zhi)物藥(yao)(yao)(yao)有重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)限(xian)(xian)量(liang)(liang)要求，僅(jin)占收錄(lu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)及(ji)(ji)飲片數(shu)量(liang)(liang)的(de)1.26%。2001年，由外(wai)經貿部制定并頒布的(de)《藥(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)植(zhi)物及(ji)(ji)制劑(ji)進出口(kou)行業綠色(se)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)》雖對(dui)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)總量(liang)(liang)和(he)種(zhong)類制定相關(guan)限(xian)(xian)量(liang)(liang)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)，但(dan)也存在(zai)不(bu)足之處：一是只對(dui)植(zhi)物藥(yao)(yao)(yao)及(ji)(ji)其(qi)制劑(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)量(liang)(liang)制定了限(xian)(xian)量(liang)(liang)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)，并沒(mei)有把動物藥(yao)(yao)(yao)及(ji)(ji)礦(kuang)物藥(yao)(yao)(yao)納入(ru)其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；二(er)是該(gai)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)普遍低于(yu)(yu)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)在(zai)其(qi)他(ta)食用(yong)(yong)作物上(shang)所(suo)做的(de)規(gui)定，并且其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)對(dui)Hg和(he)Cd的(de)限(xian)(xian)量(liang)(liang)也低于(yu)(yu)歐共體(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)。因此，制定科學的(de)、合理的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)限(xian)(xian)量(liang)(liang)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)迫(po)在(zai)眉睫，應盡快組織(zhi)力量(liang)(liang)分別建(jian)立符合不(bu)同(tong)類別中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)（植(zhi)物藥(yao)(yao)(yao)、動物藥(yao)(yao)(yao)、礦(kuang)物藥(yao)(yao)(yao)）用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)特點(dian)的(de)限(xian)(xian)量(liang)(liang)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)以及(ji)(ji)與(yu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際接軌(gui)的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)風(feng)險評(ping)估技術(shu)體(ti)系(xi)，保(bao)證(zheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)安(an)全(quan)并開(kai)拓國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際市(shi)場。

5、能推薦幾款清理血液垃圾的藥茶嗎？

血液(ye)滋(zi)養著全(quan)身(shen)，是(shi)身(shen)體的源泉，它流遍了全(quan)身(shen)各個組織和(he)器(qi)官(guan)。但(dan)隨著我們(men)年齡(ling)的增長，一(yi)些“垃(la)圾”就(jiu)會(hui)堆積在血液(ye)中(zhong)。

什么是血液垃圾

血(xue)液(ye)垃圾是人(ren)體(ti)內的(de)血(xue)液(ye)垃圾，一般(ban)指(zhi)體(ti)內物(wu)質的(de)代謝產物(wu)，比如肝臟(zang)(zang)、腎臟(zang)(zang)、皮膚、肺臟(zang)(zang)等。清除血(xue)液(ye)垃圾多吃(chi)蔬菜(cai)、水(shui)果，少(shao)吃(chi)膨化食品、油炸(zha)燒烤食品。

血液垃圾是如何產生的人體的細胞在代謝過程中產生大量毒素垃圾，少量通過排泄排出體外，大量毒素沉積在血液中。高脂肪，高熱量食物，食物中的化學添加劑，給血液帶來大量“垃圾”。藥物代謝廢物，有60％的藥物代謝廢物沉積在血液中。汽車尾氣，工業污染，裝修材料中的毒素伴隨著呼吸吸入血液。飲用水中的重金屬超標。血液垃圾的危害

危(wei)害一、腦(nao)中風、腦(nao)梗

危害二、冠心病、心肌(ji)梗死

危害三、高(gao)血壓，糖尿(niao)病

清理血液垃圾的食物普洱茶：普洱茶品性溫和，對脾胃刺激相對較小，含有茶多酚等多種有益健康的成分。研究發現，普洱茶具有顯著抑制糖尿病相關生物酶的作用，有助于穩定血糖。羅布麻茶：羅布麻茶含有蕓香苷，類似于維生素P活性，能保持或恢復毛細血管的正常抵抗力，增強血管的柔韌性和彈性，能降低血清膽固醇，防止脂肪在血管壁中沉積。而且，羅布麻茶葉中的單寧酸能抑制血壓升高，并對高血壓患者的血壓進行降低的作用。特別是康源茶館羅布麻茶對蛋白質和脂肪有很好的分解作用。多酚和維生素C能降低膽固醇和血脂。燕麥：燕麥中含有豐富的β葡聚糖和膳食纖維，可抑制人體對膽固醇的吸收，對調節血脂有很好的作用。而且，燕麥能帶來較強的飽腹感，使人長時間不餓。芹菜：芹菜中含有豐富的鉀和芹菜素，它們都有利于控制血壓。一項研究指出，適當飲用芹菜汁確實有助于降血壓。黑豆：黑豆含有豐富的花青素，能清除體內自由基，降低膽固醇，促進血液循環。此外，花青素還有護眼的功效。海帶：海帶膠質能促進體內的放射性物質排出人體，從而減少放射物質在人體內的積聚，減少放射性疾病的發生率。綠豆湯：綠豆湯能幫助排除體內的毒物，促進機體的正常代謝。豬血湯：豬血湯的血漿蛋白，經過人體胃酸和消化液中的酶分解后，會產生一種 和滑腸作用的物質，與侵入胃腸的粉塵、有害金屬微粒發生化學反應，變為不易被人體吸收的廢物。黑木耳和菌類植物：黑木耳和菌類植物有良好的 作用，并且能清潔血液和 ，經常食用能有效地清除體內污染物質。櫻桃： 櫻桃是目前被公認的能夠為人體去除毒素及不潔體液的水果。深紫色葡萄也具有排毒作用，而且能幫助清除肝、腸、胃、腎內的垃圾。蘋果：蘋果內含半乳醣荃酸，可以幫助身體排毒，其果膠能避免食物在腸內腐化。

6、羅布麻的功效與副作用？

羅布麻是(shi)屬(shu)于(yu)中藥(yao)飲(yin)片類的(de)藥(yao)物，有清熱降火，降血壓，強心(xin)臟，利(li)小便的(de)功能(neng)。可以用 心(xin)臟病(bing)(bing)等作用。其(qi)副作用主是(shi)其(qi)性寒，如果身(shen)體是(shi)屬(shu)于(yu)寒性體質的(de)，或是(shi)有胃寒的(de)病(bing)(bing)癥，需要(yao)注意不要(yao)服(fu)用，以免加重(zhong)其(qi)胃病(bing)(bing)的(de)病(bing)(bing)癥，或是(shi)使身(shen)體健(jian)康狀態下降的(de)可能(neng)。

7、血壓高喝山楂水有用嗎？

山楂有消食健(jian)胃，行氣散瘀的(de)(de)功效，又能降血脂(zhi)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。心血管疾(ji)病成(cheng)為我國(guo)危害(hai)健(jian)康的(de)(de)，越來越多的(de)(de)人患上(shang)這(zhe)類疾(ji)病，如高(gao)血壓需要終身服藥，但有很(hen)多的(de)(de)副作(zuo)用(yong)。很(hen)多人將目光到中醫上(shang)，希望從中得到一些 的(de)(de)方法(fa)。

聽說喝(he)山楂(zha)水可以降(jiang)血(xue)壓，他們就寧愿(yuan)喝(he)山楂(zha)水，也(ye)不(bu)吃降(jiang)壓藥來 。那么，患有高血(xue)壓喝(he)山楂(zha)水有用不(bu)？

山楂是否對高血壓有 作用，我們先來了解一下山楂的功效

山楂(zha)中是一味傳(chuan)統(tong)中藥材，既(ji)能作為(wei)藥材來(lai) 疾病，又可(ke)以作為(wei)食材來(lai)吃，是藥食兩(liang)用藥材。

《藥(yao)典》里面記載：“山楂(zha)性味(wei)酸，歸脾、胃(wei)、肝經。

功(gong)能主治消食(shi)健胃(wei)，行氣散瘀。用于肉食(shi)積滯，胃(wei)脘脹滿，瀉痢(li)腹痛，血瘀痛經，閉經，產(chan)后瘀阻，心腹刺痛，疝氣疼痛；高(gao)脂(zhi)血癥。

山(shan)楂(zha)的主要功效為(wei)消食，化瘀。

一、山楂具有消食健(jian)脾(pi)的功(gong)效(xiao)

在(zai)日常生活(huo)中(zhong)，我們(men)常常用山楂來開胃，因為山楂中(zhong)富(fu)(fu)含有豐富(fu)(fu)的維(wei)生素(su)和有機(ji)酸(suan)(suan)、果酸(suan)(suan)、山楂酸(suan)(suan)、枸櫞酸(suan)(suan)等，這(zhe)些有機(ji)酸(suan)(suan)會刺激胃液的分泌，促(cu)進胃里面(mian)食物的消(xiao)化。

在中醫中，一般用(yong)山(shan)楂(zha)來(lai) 飲食(shi)(shi)(shi)不節(jie)所致(zhi)(zhi)的(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)積，可配上(shang)一些健(jian)脾(pi)行(xing)氣的(de)中藥(yao)(yao)材，用(yong)于 飲食(shi)(shi)(shi)過多所導致(zhi)(zhi)的(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)滯癥(zheng)。比如(ru)黨(dang)參，山(shan)藥(yao)(yao)，黃芪，炒(chao)麥芽(ya)和陳皮等。

二、山楂具有 化瘀的功(gong)效

因為山楂(zha)具有(you) 化瘀的中藥，所以對(dui)于(yu)孕(yun)婦來說，山楂(zha)是不宜服用過多。

山楂有降血壓的作用嗎？

從(cong)上面的介紹當中我們(men)了解到，山(shan)楂具(ju)有(you)兩大功效，消食健脾和 化瘀的功效。在這里沒有(you)明確指出山(shan)楂具(ju)有(you)降高血壓的作(zuo)用，人們(men)從(cong)哪里得知用山(shan)楂可(ke)以(yi)用于 高血壓呢？

現代藥(yao)理研究山(shan)(shan)楂，發現山(shan)(shan)楂含有的黃(huang)酮類、脂肪酸(suan)、游離酸(suan)等物質(zhi)，可以促進脂肪消(xiao)化，這就是如(ru)果吃過于油膩的東西，用山(shan)(shan)楂來促進消(xiao)化的依(yi)據之一了。

同(tong)時具備抗氧化、強(qiang)心(xin)、降(jiang)血(xue)脂(zhi)與(yu)抗動(dong)脈粥樣(yang)硬化等作用。人們將(jiang)山(shan)楂提取物用于藥理研究發現，小白鼠，兔動(dong)物等有較為明(ming)顯的(de)中樞性降(jiang)壓作用。

另外還有一點(dian)，隨著人的(de)年紀增大，人的(de)血(xue)(xue)管的(de)彈性逐漸(jian)降低(di)，當血(xue)(xue)液中血(xue)(xue)脂含(han)量過高時，容易引起動(dong)脈(mo)粥樣硬化。

當血管(guan)發生(sheng)硬化時就會影(ying)響到血管(guan)的彈性以及血液的流(liu)動性，那樣(yang)自然就會影(ying)響到血壓的升(sheng)高。

山楂(zha)以(yi)及山楂(zha)中的(de)黃酮能顯著地抑制高血脂(zhi)，高膽固(gu)醇(chun)喂養(yang)的(de)大白(bai)鼠血清中的(de)總固(gu)醇(chun)含量(liang)。由此說明，山楂(zha)具(ju)有調節脂(zhi)質，代謝的(de)作用，以(yi)及能夠抑制肝臟中的(de)膽固(gu)醇(chun)。

雖然從理論上來說，山楂(zha)(zha)具有一定的(de)(de)降(jiang)(jiang)血壓，降(jiang)(jiang)高(gao)血脂的(de)(de)作用，但是想依靠喝(he)山楂(zha)(zha)水來降(jiang)(jiang)血壓和血脂，那是不現實(shi)的(de)(de)。

山楂的(de)藥理(li)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)是在動物的(de)身上進行(xing)試驗，還沒在人體當中進行(xing)臨(lin)床(chuang)(chuang)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)，沒有明(ming)顯的(de)臨(lin)床(chuang)(chuang)數據來支撐山楂降(jiang)血壓(ya)和血脂(zhi)作(zuo)用。

那高血壓患者應當如何注意使用藥物呢？

高血壓是心(xin)血管疾病之一(yi)，目(mu)前還沒有哪(na)種藥物，可以 治愈(yu)高血壓，需要(yao)終身服(fu)藥。為(wei)了維護身體健康，我們(men)可以從以下幾方面來(lai)養生。

1.在醫生(sheng)的指(zhi)導下，科學(xue)地用(yong)藥(yao)。

高(gao)血壓的藥品(pin)有(you)很多，在服用藥物的同時，也要監控(kong)藥物的不(bu)良反(fan)應(ying)以(yi)及(ji)人的身體(ti)健康狀態。以(yi)便在醫生的指導下，隨時調(diao)整藥物的使(shi)用。

2.合理的飲食。

飲食(shi)(shi)最能(neng)體現(xian)我們(men)如何養生的(de)之一(yi)，比如說(shuo)有(you)些人(ren)(ren)喜歡吃高(gao)油(you)膩(ni)，高(gao)糖(tang)分，高(gao)鹽(yan)(yan)份的(de)食(shi)(shi)物(wu)。這類食(shi)(shi)物(wu)容易使人(ren)(ren)長胖，人(ren)(ren)的(de)年紀的(de)增(zeng)大，人(ren)(ren)的(de)陳代謝逐漸下降。過(guo)于食(shi)(shi)用高(gao)糖(tang)份，高(gao)鹽(yan)(yan)份食(shi)(shi)物(wu)，人(ren)(ren)體無法充分地(di)利用代謝出去，以至于堆積在我們(men)人(ren)(ren)體身(shen)上。容易引發心血(xue)管疾病，就比如說(shuo)高(gao)血(xue)壓類疾病。

總結

中藥材對(dui) 現代的高(gao)血壓(ya)，高(gao)血脂的疾病(bing)是有一(yi)定的作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，但是這些作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，我們(men)如果只是用(yong)(yong)某一(yi)味藥物(wu)來 的話，是無法實現的，這就是需要我們(men)在醫生的指導下進(jin)行服用(yong)(yong)科學(xue)的藥物(wu)。

對于高血壓，高血脂患(huan)者，不(bu)要以為(wei)通(tong)過簡單的喝山(shan)楂(zha)水就能起到(dao)降血壓，降血脂的作(zuo)用(yong)。雖然理論上(shang)，山(shan)楂(zha)時具有一定(ding)的降血脂，降血壓的作(zuo)用(yong)，但在臨床應用(yong)中還是要在醫生(sheng)的指導(dao)下(xia)用(yong)藥來 。

很高興(xing)為大家分享(xiang)中藥(yao)的(de)小知識點，感謝您(nin)的(de)閱讀！歡(huan)迎點贊(zan)，收藏，分享(xiang)更多的(de)人，如有疑惑，不妨(fang)在(zai)評論區中留(liu)言大家一起討論。